Two phase detonation studies

An experimental study of the passage of a shock wave over a burning fuel drop is described. This includes high speed framing photographs of the interaction taken at 500,000 frames per second. A theoretical prediction of the ignition of a fuel drop by a shock wave is presented and the results compared with earlier experimental work. Experimental attempts to generate a detonation in a liquid fuel drop (kerosene)-liquid oxidizer drop (hydrogen peroxide)-inert gas-environment are described. An appendix is included which gives the analytical prediction of power requirements for the drop generator to produce certain size drops at a certain mass rate. A bibliography is also included which lists all of the publications resulting from this research grant

Edutainment Dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui strategi dan hambatan edutainment pada mata pelajaran PAI di SMP Muhammadiyah 13 Wonosegoro tahun 2014, serta bagaimana mengatasi hambatan strategi pembelajaran edutainment pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Muhammadiyah 13 Wonosegoro tahun 2014. Penelitian dilakukan melalui pendeskripsian fenomena-fenomena yang ada di SMP Muhammadiyah 13 Wonosegoro, dengan kehadiran peneliti sebagai pengamat dan sebagai pengumpul data. Data diperoleh dengan cara wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Strategi pembelajaran disusun untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh guru. Suasana belajar yang menyenangkan dapat dirasakan oleh peserta didik dalam mencapai prestasi belajar, strategi pembelajaran edutainment diharapkan dapat mencetak lulusan yang tidak hanya dalam nilai (angka) yang baik, namun memiliki kecerdasan kognitif, emosional, dan kecerdasan spiritual. Pendekatan edutainment melalui permainan (game), humor, bermain peran (role play), demonstrasi dan cara-cara lain yang dapat dikuasai oleh guru dan siswa. Hambatannya, sumber daya manusia dalam menjalankan strategi pembelajaran edutainment, peserta didik cenderung bermain hingga melupakan esensi pembelajaran, bahan pembelajaran, waktu pembelajaran yang minim, sarana dan prasana yang terbatas, lingkungan belajar yang kurang mendukung dalam penerapan strategi pembelajaran edutainment. The purpose of the research is to determine the strategies and the barriers of edutainment learning strategy on Islamic religious lesson (PAI) in SMP Muhammadiyah 13 Wonosegoro 2014 also the ways to overcome barriers for the learning strategy. The research conducted through describing the phenomena that exist in SMP Muhammadiyah 13 Wonosegoro. The researcher acted as an observer and data collector. The data collected by interviews, of observations, documentation. The result shows that learning strategies are designed to achieve certain goals set by the teacher. Enjoyable learning atmosphere can be felt by learners in achieving learning. Edutainment learning strategy is expected to produce qualified people, who not only good in their score, but also has a cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligence as well. Edutainment learning strategy applied through game, humor, role play, demonstrations and other ways that can be mastered by teachers and students. The obstacles are human resources as the doer of Edutainment Learning Strategy, learners tend to play and forget the essence of learning, materials, time limitation, limited facilities and infrastructures, also less supportive learning environment in the application of learning strategies edutainment

Continuous Uniform Finite Time Stabilization of Planar Controllable Systems

Continuous homogeneous controllers are utilized in a full state feedback setting for the uniform finite time stabilization of a perturbed double integrator in the presence of uniformly decaying piecewise continuous disturbances. Semiglobal strong $\mathcal{C}^1$ Lyapunov functions are identified to establish uniform asymptotic stability of the closed-loop planar system. Uniform finite time stability is then proved by extending the homogeneity principle of discontinuous systems to the continuous case with uniformly decaying piecewise continuous nonhomogeneous disturbances. A finite upper bound on the settling time is also computed. The results extend the existing literature on homogeneity and finite time stability by both presenting uniform finite time stabilization and dealing with a broader class of nonhomogeneous disturbances for planar controllable systems while also proposing a new class of homogeneous continuous controllers

CFD Modeling of Globe Valves for Oxygen Application

Components used in high-pressure, high-temperature, flowing oxygen are susceptible to ignition and combustion in presence of restriction or when particles impact these restriction. The valves in any systems are the common flow restrictors, hence, the design and analyses of valves are most critical tasks. The flow of oxygen through valves distinguishes itself by accentuating auto-ignition and consequent flame propagation in metals and non-metals, apart from other usual characteristics present with gases/liquids. The combination of ignition resistance, proper and reliable performance and fabrication economy marks the specification of material and design of valves in oxygen-enriched environment. The analyses have been performed by applying the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT, to obtain the solution of the two-dimensional turbulent flow field through a globe valve for its different openings in the GOX environment. The flow control valves in high velocity oxygen systems for different openings are simulated for turbulence and eddy dissipation. The influence of pressure, flow rate and opening of the valve on the rise in temperature and eddy dissipation rate is also obtained for compressible flow range. The simulation for turbulence is done by k- and k- turbulence models and the results have been compared

ONE FACTOR RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM) FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF ORAL VENLAFAXINE HCL CONTROLLED RELEASE ORGANOGEL

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop the oral Venlafaxine HCl controlled-release organogel (organogel–CR) by using one-factor response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: In this study, Drug-excipient compatibility was evaluated by FT-IR. A total of 14 experimental runs were carried out employing the detailed conditions designed by a single factor completely randomized design based on the response surface methodology was used to check the concentration effect of 12-Hydroxy stearic acid (12-HSA) at different cooling rates on drug release at 10 h (Q10) and after 12 h (Q12). Multiple linear regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and graphical representation of the influence factor were performed by using design expert 12. The developed organogel was also evaluated for viscosity, strength, transition temperature, diffusivity and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Prepared organogel was filled in the capsule and investigated for weight variation, drug content, erosion of organogel and In vitro drug release study. Results: FT-IR results showed that there was no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. The SEM photograph indicates that the developed organogel was highly viscous with 3D network structure. The experimental confirmation tests showed a correlation between the predicted and experimental responses (R2 = 0.9937 and 0.9709). The results of ANOVA suggested that calculated F values of all dependent variables are greater than tabulated values. The optimal point obtained was located in the valid region and the optimum in vitro release of the predicted batch containing 7.9% concentration of 12-HSA with gradual cooling rate. To validate the evolved mathematical models, a checkpoint was selected and its desirability value was found to be 0.866. Conclusion: Oral controlled release Venlafaxine HCl organogel fix the problem of repeated dosing and patient noncompliance

Direct observation of 4+ to 2+ gamma transition in 8Be

The low lying states in $^8$Be are believed to have a two-alpha cluster structure and hence a large intrinsic quadrupole deformation. An earlier calculation showed a large collective enhancement in gamma transition probability between the low lying states leading to a 4$^+$ to 2$^+$ gamma branch of $\sim10^{-7}$ and a resonant radiative cross section of 134 nb for the $\alpha+\alpha$ entrance channel. We report here the first experimental evidence for this transition through a $\gamma-\alpha-\alpha$ coincidence measurement in the reaction $^4$He($\alpha,\alpha \gamma$)$^4$He using a gas target. The measured cross sections on and off the 4$^+$ resonance are 165 $\pm$ 41 (stat) $\pm$35 (sys) nb and 39 $\pm$ 25 (stat) $\pm$7 (sys) nb, respectively.Comment: Total 4 pages, 4 figures, in RevTeX format, submitted to PR